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Search Tips

Software Version 4.6.x

CP Search is powered by the Google Enterprise Search Appliance located at Cal Poly. This reference file explains Google's search syntax for the Google Search service. Most of these topics are documented more fully on the Google web site at: http://www.google.com/support/. They are assembled in this file for your convenience.

The CP Search - Create a Search Form page provides assistance with placing the CP Search box form onto a Web page, advanced information on how to embed special query information into a search box form, and information on how search results are output.

Topics:

The Basic Search

To enter a query, type in a few descriptive words and press Enter (or click the Search button) for a list of relevant web pages. Since Google only returns web pages that contain all the words in your query, refining or narrowing your search is as simple as adding more words to the search terms you have already entered. Your new query will return a smaller subset of the pages Google found for your original "too-broad" query.

Google uses sophisticated text-matching techniques to find pages that are both important and relevant to your search. For instance, Google analyzes not only the candidate page, but also the pages linking into it to determine the value of the candidate page for your search. Google also prefers pages in which your query terms are near each other.

Choosing Keywords

For best results, it's important to choose your keywords wisely. Keep these tips in mind:

  • Try the obvious first. If you're looking for information on Picasso, enter "Picasso" rather than "painters".
  • Use words likely to appear on a site with the information you want. "Luxury hotel dubuque" gets better results than "really nice places to spend the night in Dubuque".
  • Make keywords as specific as possible. "Antique lead soldiers" gets more relevant results than "old metal toys".

Capitalization

Google searches are NOT case sensitive. All letters, regardless of how you type them, will be understood as lower case. For example, searches for "george washington", "George Washington", and "gEoRgE wAsHiNgToN" will all return the same results.

Spelling

A single spelling suggestion is returned with the results for queries where the spell checker has detected a possible spelling mistake.

The spell checker feature is context sensitive. For example, if the query submitted is "gail divers," "gail devers" is suggested as an alternative query. However, "scuba divers" would not return an alternate query suggestion.

Note: Currently, the spell checker supports only US English.

Synonyms

Synonyms are other words that have the same or similar meanings. They are displayed as "Other suggested searches" on the results page.

Word Variations (Stemming)

To provide the most accurate results, Google does not use "stemming" or support "wildcard" searches. Rather, Google searches for exactly the words that you enter into the search box. Searching for "book" or "book*" will not yield "books" or "bookstore". If in doubt, try both forms, for example: "book" and "bookstore."

Automatic "and" Queries

By default, Google only returns pages that include all of your search terms. There is no need to include "and" between terms. Keep in mind that the order in which the terms are typed will affect the search results. To restrict a search further, just include more terms. For example, to plan a vacation to Hawaii, simply type:

Automatic Exclusion of Common Words

Google ignores common words and characters such as "where" and "how", as well as certain single digits and single letters, because they tend to slow down your search without improving the results. Google will indicate if a common word has been excluded by displaying details on the results page below the search box.

If a common word is essential to getting the results you want, you can include it by putting a "+" sign in front of it. (Be sure to include a space before the "+" sign.)

Another method for doing this is conducting a phrase search, which means putting quotation marks around two or more words. Common words in a phrase search (e.g., "where are you") are included in the search.

For example, to search for Star Wars, Episode I, use:

~ OR ~

"OR" Searches

Google supports the logical "OR" operator. To retrieve pages that include either word A or word B, use an uppercase "OR" between terms. For example, to search for an office in either London or Paris, enter:

See Your Search Terms in the Results

Every Google search result lists one or more excerpts from the web page to display how your search terms are used in context on that page. In the excerpt, your search terms are displayed in bold text so that you can quickly determine if that result is from a page you want to visit.

Does Google Observe Stop Words?

Google ignores common words and characters known as stop words. These include most pronouns and articles. Google automatically disregards such terms as "where" and "how," as well as certain single digits and single letters. These terms rarely help to narrow a search and can significantly slow searching. If you want to use stop words in your search, use the "+" sign or enclose your phrase containing stop words in quotation marks. Make sure that you include a space before the "+" sign.

For example, to search for Annual Report Version I:

You can also include the "+" sign in phrase searches.

Refining Your Search

Since Google only returns web pages that contain all of the words in your query, refining or narrowing your search is as simple as adding more words to the search terms you have already entered. The refined query returns a specific subset of the pages that were returned by your original broad query.

Excluding Words

You can exclude a word from your search by putting a minus sign ("-") immediately in front of the term you want to exclude. Make sure you include a space before the minus sign.

For example, the search:

will return pages about bass that do not contain the word "music."

Phrase Searches

You can search for phrases by adding quotation marks. Words enclosed in double quotes ("like this") appear together in all returned documents. Phrase searches using quotation marks are useful when searching for famous sayings or specific names.

Certain characters serve as phrase connectors. Phrase connectors work like quotes because they join your search words in the same way double quotes join your search words. For example, the search:

is treated as a phrase search even though the search words are not enclosed in double quotes. Google recognizes hyphens, slashes, periods, equal signs, and apostrophes as phrase connectors.

Restricted Searches

You may also narrow searches by restricting queries in certain ways.

Examples of Restricted Search Parameters
Restrict Type Query Syntax Example
to a given location on your site inurl; intitle inurl:google help
see Advanced Operators for details
to specific domains inurl; intitle site:google.com
see Advanced Operators for details
to specific file types like excel spreadsheets, pdf docs, etc. filetype:

filetype:pdf

NOTE: The 'filetype:' query ONLY works when used as an attribute such as: 'site:www.calpoly.edu filetype:pdf' (which will find all PDF documents within the www.calpoly.edu site).

Directory Restricting

To restrict the directories searched, enter a URL that drills down through the directory structure to the directories or files to be searched. For example, the query [google.com/manual/] restricts the search to everything at the manual level. If the trailing slash is not included, as in [google.com/manual], then all subdirectories are also searched.

Sorting by Date

The Sort by Date feature sorts and presents your search results based on date. The date of each file is returned in the results. Results that do not contain dates are displayed at the end, sorted by relevance.

Advanced Operators

Google Search supports several advanced operators, which are query words with special functions. A list of the advanced operators with explanation are provided below.

cache:
The search engine keeps the text of the many documents it crawls available in a backed-up format known as "cache." A cached version of a web page can be retrieved if the original page is unavailable (for example, the page's server is down). The cached page appears exactly as it looked when the crawler last crawled it and includes a message (at the top of the page) to indicate that it's a cached version of the page.

The query [cache:] shows the cached version of the web page. For instance, [cache:www.google.com] shows the cached page of Google's homepage.

Note: There can be no space between cache: and the web page URL in the query.

If you include other words in the query, those words will be highlighted within the cached document. For instance, [cache:www.google.com press releases] shows the cached content with the words "press" and "releases" highlighted.

info:
The query [info:] returns all information available for that particular URL. For instance, [info:www.google.com] shows information about the Google homepage. Note there can be no space between the info: and the web page URL.

site:
If you include [site:] in your query, the results are restricted to those websites in the given domain. For instance, [help site:www.google.com] finds pages about help within www.google.com. [help site:com] finds pages about help within .com URLs.

Note: There can be no space between the "site:" and the domain.

link:
The query [link:] enables you to restrict your search to all pages that link to the query page. To do this, use the [link:sampledomain.com] syntax in the search box.

For example, to find all links to Cal Poly's main page, enter:

intitle:
If you include [intitle:] in your query, the search is restricted to results with documents containing that word in the HTML title. For example, [intitle:google search] returns documents that mention the word "google" in their HTML title, and mention the word "search" anywhere in the document either in the title or anywhere else in the document.

Note: There can be no space between the "intitle:" and the following word.

inurl:
If you include [inurl:] in your query, the results are restricted to documents containing that word in the URL. For example, [inurl:google search] returns documents that mention the word "google" in their URL and mention the word "search" anywhere in the document either in the URL or anywhere else in the document.

Note: There can be no space between the "inurl:" and the following word.

Note: [inurl:] works on words, not URL components. In particular, it ignores punctuation. Thus, in the query [google inurl:foo/bar], the inurl: operator affects only the word "foo," which is the single word following the inurl: operator, and does not affect the word "bar." The query [google inurl:foo inurl:bar] can be used to require both "foo" and "bar" to be in the URL.